Domestic consumer sector of the economy is one of the largest consumers of fuel, heat and electric energy. Modern life is unthinkable without energy services. Comfortable environment for life of people, they are equipped with lighting, heating, ventilation, air-conditioning, electronic systems s. r. o for household electrical appliances. Home communication, information and entertainment services are carried out with the help of phones, televisions, computers and so on, One who has learned how to conserve electricity, water, heat, gas in the apartment, better understands the need for energy savings in the residential house and at work
Due to its geographical position Belarus belongs to the countries with relatively cold climates. The length of the heating period is about 200 days, what defines a significant share of energy for heating. At the household level, it consumed almost 40% of the total number of fuel-energy resources incurred by the republic. The consumption of housing and communal services sector, thermal energy is used for heating (60-70%) and hot water including(30-40%).
Unfortunately, the efficiency of domestic energy consumption in our country is at a very low level. For heating and hot water the apartment of an average family of 3-4 people per year into CHP helena heating plant burned more than 3 here. In addition, for the year of such a family consume 1200-1800 kw ·h of electrical energy. These values on average 2 times higher than in the industrially developed european countries with a comparable climate. At this energy the comfort in our homes, are much lower: lacks many modern appliances, in the rooms is often supported by insufficiently high temperatures, poor air quality. And domestic energy comfort to a large extent determines the quality of life, health status of people, availability of free time.
A comparison of domestic and foreign indicators indicates the presence of significant potential of energy savings at the household level, mainly for thermal energy, and the need for its active implementation, with the aim of saving FER, so as to improve the quality of life of the people. For solution of these tasks is, according to the State program "energy saving", lays down and performs the whole complex of long-term and short-term activities.
The commonplace success of their solutions are as follows:
- psychological mood and wishes of the population economically to expend energy;
- knowledge of the ways of saving energy and the skill to use them in everyday life;
- push on the attitude of the people towards the use of energy comfort on a subconscious level, internal discipline, and careful energy consumption.
If the first two conditions may be available in a relatively short period of time due to economic and organizational-administrative district of motivational, informational and educational measures, then the introduction of the last conditions requires a longer time, as suggested by the emergence in humans from early childhood, a certain culture of behavior and habits caused by the care about the future of energy and environmental welfare of our planet. This is the reason why in the republic, arranged and perfected the multi-level educational system in the field of energy savings, continuously conducts information and promotional work.
To a large extent the existing potential of energy savings in housing and domestic sector can be implemented in a short time by the tenants with the help of simple, cheap and effective ways. It is important to realize the energy savings is not like to give up the convenience, but on the contrary, the method of securing the necessary living conditions for man in particular and society in general, when a limited number of primary energy sources.
The basic principles of designing programmes to reduce household energy consumption
Where should you start work on reducing energy consumption? First of all it is necessary to determine the volumes of consumption of different types of resources and the amount of their remuneration, this means spend special energy audit. In this you counter (if they are) and accounts for energy consumption, and also simple calculations and measurements. It is appropriate to identify the middle helena unit value of resource consumption for different time periods (week, month, year). It is a necessary condition of a permanent and a normal regular job at energy saving. To assess the potential energy savings it is necessary to compare the obtained values with the standards and european data.
It will help you answer the first question, are the savings from what source is the priority direction? Logical answer – the one that is neglected, because it will bring You direct benefit. Of course, perform cost actions for saving energy, which can bring direct and immediate cost savings after a thorough analysis of all the benefits since their introduction. It is just neglected we have only electric energy payment other energy divided equally between the lots of domestic customers. However, you should know that the savings of each energy source reduces its overall income and common on it costs, and Your budget including. In addition, that the situation is gradually changing: formerly helena later everything is energy, will count, and everyone who used to teach them to save, it will be much easier. If processed all kinds of energy, then it is necessary to align the cost to implement energy-saving activities and benefit from them, then rate it. From all this derive the objectives and the programme of Its activities on saving energy, and also determines the expected returns.
Consider the possible directions of activities on savings of all kinds of energy in the home energy sources.
Savings of thermal energy.
Currently counters of heat less frequent for several reasons: high cost, lack of planning and the accuracy of measurement and so on, However this question can be considered in another respect: how to keep the apartment sufficiently comfortable temperature when the wrong heating? First of all it is necessary to prepare the heating system.
The heater must be rinsed from the inside and regularly cleaned from dust from the outside. In the operation of the inner surface is covered with rust and scale; sometimes the thickness of the sediments reaches such a size that substantially prevents the water pipes, not to mention the heat transfer. In order to ensure the normal circulation of air, there is no need to clutter the space furniture close to heating appliances. It is strictly forbidden to close their decorative plates, panels, and even the curtains, because in addition to the sharp reduction in heat transfer and it sees to the growth of the heat losses. With the aim of reducing heat losses through the wall, which is behind the heating device and the improvement of conditions for air circulation is recommended to increase the distance between the device and the wall. Also it is recommended to install a convector reflective display and a layer of thermal insulation. For restrictions on the transfer of heated air to the surface of the internal glass of the windows is necessary to install the wide seal strip of the plate. Painting radiators with oil paints, reduces the transfer of heat to 8-13 %, therefore it is recommended to use whitewash zinc.
Together with the problem of insufficient heating exists and the problem of the paratope. From the paratope usually suffer from the tenants of the nearest source of heating houses. The reason for the paratope – unbalanced heating system. It is therefore proposed that the output - it is necessary to regulate itself. For this look, zdf you Have on the pipes of the district heating (1) bypass (4). Maybe that builders simply "forgot" to install it. Then install the outer (4) and thermostat (2), helena even simple ball tap allow you to regulate the amount of coolant through the heating element (3) and regulate the temperature in the room.
With the problem of cold case is much more complicated. The cause of low temperature in our homes is the poor quality of heating, and a huge heat loss. Specific consumption of thermal energy per square meter of housing in the Czech republic in the 2-to 4-fold (depending on the particular type of building) is higher than in european countries with a comparable climate. This suggests that the fashioned and even is served in the in the house is very much heat, but immediately disappears. Heat loss in buildings by Beltei on average, distributed as follows:
- windows – 36%;
- ventilation – 28%;
- walls – 26%;
- floors, a basement – 10%.
So as a basic heat loss fall on the window, then insulate (and better modify) should be in the first place. The most effective way is to install the package. Now offers a variety of designs, which differ in the ability to retain heat, length of service, ecological characteristics, and therefore, that the price. Common pvc contain between lenses exhausted air and different from the conventional windows only increased integrity, comfort, cleaning and more aesthetic view. Manufactures evacuated window and double-glazed windows filled with inert gases. They have great heat resistance. The glass can be covered with low-e termootrazhayuschim film, which prevents the care of heat in the form of radiation and reduces heat loss through the window at 30-35%. The window, manufactured using the latest technology they have heat resistance as in conventional exterior walls. Often the windows are installed instead of the internal glazing in standard frames. When it is obtained all of triple glazing, which allows even greater reduction in heat loss.
If the installation of double-glazing means no, then you need to take care of reducing heat loss through the existing windows. Firstly, the glass should be carefully washed, to then skimp on the lighting. Secondly, it is necessary to remove all the cracks and leak. You can seal the paper, but it should be in windless weather. For the removal of the slit between the frame and the concrete box, you can use the installation foam. The glass must be whole. Cheap and very effective solution is a groove on the inner surface of the outer covers more of the grooves and the installation of additional glass (in good condition covers) either a transparent polymer film. It turns out all the triple glazing and heat loss through windows is reduced by 20-30%. To reduce the humidity of the air between the covers it is recommended to use adsorbents. Dry air has a lower thermal conductivity and in addition decreases the intensity of the fogging and freezing glass. In the winter it is advisable to hang the curtains, without end battery heating. Glazing of balconies and loggias allows you to reduce the total heat loss at 10...13 %. To reduce heat loss through entrances need to install a double door, the door with the spirits of the seal, we will arrange the lobby.
Then you need to take care about ventilation, that often creates in the winter excessive taste. In the kitchen a hole you can cover partially, and in the bathroom in general to close, because it will allow to moisturize too dry air (in the winter the air in the heated rooms is lower humidity, which is harmful to health) and to create a feeling of warmth. It is further recommended to insulate the external walls, if the room is a corner and the walls of the stair cells.
Energy savings
Saving energy when using electric stoves.
Firstly, it is necessary to have alternatives to electric sporákye: electroscience, elektrokofemolke, MICROWAVE ovens, which have significantly greater EFFICACY.
Secondly, the plate should be healthy. Propavshaya, is cracked and swelling, dirty heating units significantly harder to perform their function, if, of course, true.
Third, it is necessary to have the appropriate utensils. Every time it is necessary to choose the size of the dishes, appropriate to the situation. All the dishes should be with lids. The fact is that without the lid it is necessary twice more energy and is absolutely one, there is no cover at all, helena's not quite a tight fit. The bottom of the cookware for electric stoves must be stable and firmly to go on the heating element. When cooking helena boil water it is advisable to turn off the burners somewhat before the final readiness of the helen of boiling water, it allows you to save up to 20% of the electric energy thanks to the thermal inertia of the hot burners. When cooking several meals, you can save 10 to 30% of the electrical energy, if used, is not yet cooled burners for pre-heating the water used in cooked dishes, if you enjoy the pre-settled water at room temperature, not cold straight from the tap.
Energy savings when using boards of all types. Products for thermal processing, which require a longer period of time, it is better to cook in pressure cookers. At the beginning of cooking it is necessary to set the full power of the burners, and after the boiling water, reduce it to a minimum, so is the boiling temperature of water depends on the power supply of the heat flux and is 100°With. And the speed of preparation of the product depends only on the temperature. So the excess heat is spent only on the evaporation of water in the room (humidity) and sees to excess energy (electricity helena gas), without affecting the cooking time.